Ṣadaqatul Fiṭr & Relatives

Relatives are divided into two categories: a category whom it is impermissible to give ẓakāh or any wājib charity, and another whom it is permissible, and even recommended, to give ẓakāh, etc. to.

Category 1 (Impermissible): 

It is not permissible, by consensus, to give ẓakāh or ṣadaqah fiṭr, etc. to one’s parents, grandparents, great-grandparents, and so on, nor to one’s children, grandchildren, great-grandchildren, and so on. This is because the giver is not totally cut off from benefiting from what they gave due to the shared nature of these individuals’ relationship.

 It is permissible, and even preferable, to give these individuals optional charity.

Category 2 (Permissible): 

It is permissible to give ẓakāh, ṣadaqatul fiṭr, etc. to one’s brothers, sisters, nieces and nephews, aunts and uncles, as well as cousins if these people meet the requirements laid down for the one receiving ẓakah, and it is in fact better to give it to them. By doing so one will get the reward of giving charity as well as the reward of maintaining family ties. 

In addition, it is not a condition in giving ẓakāh, to these or any other individuals, that you inform them that this is ẓakāh. You could, for example, tell them it was a gift. What is important is that you had the intention of giving ẓakāh, and they are eligible to receive it.

One may also give ṣadaqah fiṭr to these individuals, provided they are eligible, and as was mentioned above one will get two rewards, one for giving charity, and another for maintaining family bonds.

And Allāh knows best.



Sources
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Rad al-Mukhtār:


Nor [can it be given] to [people] between the two of whom there are [ties of] birth (i.e. between them and the receiver because the benefits of possession are [shared] between them thus complete possession is not established.{Hidāyah}… (i.e. his ancestors no matter how high up, like his parents, and maternal/paternal grandfathers and grandmothers, ands descendants no matter how far down… 

like grandkids… And similarly, every wājib charity like fiṭr, oaths, and expiations, can not be given [to these individuals], however it is permissible, and even preferable, [to give them] optional charity, as is mentioned in Badāi’… 

The restriction of [ties of] birth is due to the permissibility, rather the preference, of [giving] to the remaining relatives (e.g. poor brothers, paternal and maternal uncles), because it would be joining ties of kinship and charity. In al-Thahīrīyyah [it is stated]: And one will begin [giving] charities with relatives, then mawālī, then neighbors; and if one gives their ẓakāh to some relative whom it is wājib to spend on, it is permissible when they do not consider it to be part of their [wājib] expenditure. {Baḥr}; 

And it is permissible [to give it] to ones’ father-in-law, brother-in-law, and son-in-law.{Tātar Khāniyyah} (Rad al-Mukhtār 3:293)

و إلى بينهما ولاد أي بينه و بين المدفوع إليه لأن منافع الأملاك بينهم متصلة فلا يتحقق التمليك على الكمال. هداية

 والولاد بالكسر مصدر ولدت المرأة ولادة وولادا. مغرب: أي أصله وإن علا كأبويه و أجداده و جدته من قبلهما و فرعه وإن سغل

كأولاد الأولاد… و كذا كل صدقة واجبة كالفطرة والنذر والكفارات أما التطوع فيجوز بل هو أولى كما في البدائع

و غيد بالولاد لجوزه لبقية الأقارب كالإخوة والأعمام والأخوال الفقراء بل هم أولى لأنه صلة و صدقة. و في الظهرية: ويبدأ في الصدقات بالأقارب ثم الموالي ثمالجيران و لو دفع زكاته إلى من نفقته واجبة عليه من الأقارب جاز إذا لم يحسبها من النفقة. بحر.

ويجوز دفعها لزوجة أبيه وابنه و زوج ابنته. تاترخانية

رد المختار ج: ٣، ص: ٢٩٣

Fatāwā Hindiyyah:

 

What is best in ẓakāh, [ṣadaqtul] Fiṭr [, etc., is that it] would be given first to brothers, sisters, then their children, then paternal uncles and aunts, followed by their children, then maternal uncles and aunts, followed by their children, then relatives [generally speaking], then neighbors, then people in one’s profession, then the people of one’s city or village. (Fatāwā Hindiyyah 1:209)

و الأفضل في الزكاة و الفطر و النذور و الصرف أولا إلى الإخوة و الأخوات ثم إلى أولادهم ثم  إلى أولادهم ثم إلى الأعمام والعمات ثم إلى أولادهم ثم إلى الأخوالوالخالات ثم إلى أولادهم ثم إلى ذوي الأرحام ثم إلى الجيران ثم إلى أهل حرفته ثم إلى أهل مصره أو قريته كذا في السراج الوهاج. الفتاوى الهندية، ج ١، ص: ٢٠٩،ط. دار الكتب العلمية

Fatḥ al-Qadīr:

His statement, “Nor will the one giving ẓakāh, give their ẓakāh…” the reason is that it is not permissible to give it to anyone who traces their ancestry to the one giving ẓakāh by birth or whom the one giving ẓakāh traces their ancestry to, thus it is not permissible [to give] to their father, grandfather, and grandmother on the mother and father’s side, no matter how high up, nor to one’s children and grandchildren, no matter how far down.

And it is permissible to give ẓakāh to all of the other relatives (e.g. brother, sister, paternal and maternal uncles and aunts), excluding those having ties of birth, and is even preferable because it [comprises] joining ties of kinship alongside charity.

ولا يدفع المزكي زكاته الخ الأصل أن كل من انتسب إلى المزكي بالولاد أو انتسب هو له به لا يجوز صرفها له فلا يجوز لأبيه وأجداده وجدته من قبل الأب والأم وإنعلوا ولا إلى أولاده وأولادهم وإن سفلوا .

و سائر القرابات غير الولاد يجوز الدفع إليهم وهو أولى لما فيه من الصلة مع الصدقة كالأخوة والأخوات والأعمام والعمات والأخوال والخالات.

شرح فتح القدير، ج:٢، ص: ٢٧٥، ط. دار الكتب العلمية

al-Baḥr al-Rā’iq:

His statement: [nor] their ancestors, no matter how high up, [nor] their descendants, no matter how far down…that is to say, it is not permissible to give it to one’s father, grandfather, etc. no matter how high up, nor one’s child, grandchild, etc. no matter how far down.

And the stipulation of ancestors and descendants is because it is permissible to give ẓakāh to other relatives (e.g. one’s poor brother, sister, maternal and paternal aunts and uncles), and is [in fact] preferable because of it [being a means of] joining ties of kinship alongside [being a] charity. Because of this, in Fatāwā al-Thahīrīyyah [it is stated], “One will begin [giving] charities with [one’s] relatives, then mawālī, then neighbors,” and in another place, in a quotation attributed to Abū Ḥafṣ al-Kabīr, it is mentioned, “The charity of a person will not be accepted while his relatives are in need, thus he should meet their needs.” (Sharḥ Kanẓ al-Daqā’iq, 2:425)

قوله وأصله وإن علا وفرعه وإن سفل بالجر أي لا يجوز الدفع إلى أبيه وجده وإن علا و لا إلى ولده وولد ولده وإن سفل

و قيد بأصله و فرعه لأن من سواهم من القرابة يجوز الدفع لهم وهو أولى لما فيه من الصلة مع الصدقة كالإخوة والأخوات والأعمام والعمات والأخوال والخالاتالفقراء. ولهذا قال في الفتاوى الظهيرية: ويبدأ في الصدقات بالأقارب ثم الموالي ثم الجيران . و ذكر في موضع آخر معزيا إلى أبي حفص الكبير: لا تقبل صدقةالرجل و قرابته محاويج فيسد حاجتهم. البحر الرائق شرح كنز الدقائق، ج: ٢، ص: ٤٢٥ ط. دار الكتب العلمية

al-Ikhtiyār li Talīl al-Mukhtār:

Nor [can it be given] to someone who shares a relationship of birth up or down (e.g. the father and grandfather, and mother and grandmother from both sides, and the children, grandchildren, ad infinitum) and this is by consensus because the parts shared between them are established from both sides to the extent that it is impossible for one of them to give testimony for the other, nor will one’s hand be cut by stealing their wealth, because the giving stipulated and required in ẓakāh will be accomplished by the benefit of the one giving it being cut off from what they gave, whereas [in this case] the benefits are shared by them. (1:120)

ولا إلى من بينهما قرابة ولاد أعلى أو أسفل كالأب و الجد والأم و الجدة و الولد وولدالولد وإن سفل و هذا بالإجماع لأن الجزئية ثابتة بينهما من الجانبين حتى لاتجوزشهادة أحدهما للآخر ولا يقظع بسرقة ماله فلا يتم الإيتاء المشروط في الزكاة إلا بانقطاع منفعة المؤتى عما أتي والمنافع بينهم متصلة. الإختيار لتعليل المختار، ج: ١،ص: ١٢٠، ط. دار الكتب العلمية


al-Tashīl al-Ḍarūrī:


Question: If the one giving ẓakāh gives it to their poor relatives, is this permissible?

Answer: Relatives are of two categories: A category who are connected to the one giving ẓakāh by means of birth, like parents, grandparents, children, and grandchildren; and a category where birth is not the connecting factor, like brothers, sisters, paternal aunts and uncles and their children. It is not permissible to give ẓakāh to the first category, thus if one gives their ẓakāh to their child or grandchild, male or female, no matter how low on the family tree, or they give it to their father, or mother, or grandparents, their ẓakāh will not be fulfilled. As for the second category, it is permissible to give ẓakāh to them and in giving it to them their will be two rewards: the reward of giving ẓakāh, and the reward of maintaining family bonds.

Question: They won’t take it if they are told that it is ẓakāh, so how can one give it to them?


Answer: There is no need to make that known, rather you can intend to give ẓakāh and inform them that it is a gift. That will suffice for giving ẓakāh on the condition that they are deserving of ẓakāh in lines with what was mentioned when explaining the categories.

س: لو دفع المزكى زكاته إلى أقاربائه هل يجوز ذلك؟

ج: أصحاب القرابة قسمان: قسم بينهم و بين المزكى قرابة ولاد كالوالدين و الأجداد والجدات والأولاد والأحفاد و قسم ليس بينه و بينهم ولاد كالإخوان والأخواتوكالأعمام والعمات و كالأخوال والخالات وأولادهم فلا يجوز دفع الزكاة إلى القسم الأول فلو أعطى مال زكاته إلى ولده أو ولد ولده ذكرا كان أو أنثى وإن سفل أو دفعإلى أبيه أو أبيه أو أمه أو أجداده أو جداته لاتتأدى بذلك زكاته أما القسم الثاني فجاز دفع الزكاة إليهم و في قفرها إليهم أجران أجر أداء الزكاة وأجر صلة الرحم

س: هم لا يأخذون إذا قيل لهم إنه مال الزكاة فكيف السبيل إلى إعطائهم؟

ج: لاحاجة إلى إظهار ذلك بل إذا نويت أنك تؤدى زكاة مالك وأظهرت لهم أنه هدية أجزأ ذلك عن أداء الزكاة بشرط أن يكون مستحقين للزكاة على ما مر في بيانالأصناف و لا يكون من بني هاشم. التسهيل الضروري لمسائل القدوري، ج:١ ، ص:١٣١، ط. مكتبتة الشيخ

Author: Yusuf Yasin

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